Anxiety. [107] Weibull emphasized it was Ulfeldt who played an important role in the king's decision to cross the Belt. Løwenklau established his headquarters in Wedellsborg seat farm near Iversnæs. The king approved his plan, giving Wrangel permission to begin the march without the king and his troops, provided that the ice was deemed sufficiently thick. The truth is, Munch did not title this painting "Vampire." We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. [57], The conquest of Funen opened interesting opportunities for the Swedish army, as did the conquest of the fortified city of Nyborg, which was the link to the Great Belt, the strait between Funen and Zealand. Dahlbergh received his order from Charles X Gustav on 31 January, and escorted by 200 Finnish cavalrymen under Colonel Claes Uggla, Dahlbergh crossed two ice-covered straits and reached Longelse church on Langeland on 2 February, 80 kilometres (50 mi) from his starting point on Funen. He highlighted the source-critical weaknesses in Dahlbergh's diary and memoirs, which were released long after the course of the depicted events. ", "Slutet kan vara nära för omtvistad staty", "Stenhallen – Trapphusets historiemålning", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=March_Across_the_Belts&oldid=1022466954, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 10 May 2021, at 17:34. Through their superiors, Wrangel and Berendes, the king received continuous reports about the ice conditions. But is it really shocking today? On 3 February, Charles X Gustav moved from Dalum back to the mayor's manor in Odense. The Danes retreated after a brief battle. ", Weibull's and Björlin's views of the events have had a strong impression on other researchers since the 1950s, when the so-called "Weibull School" in the 1940s and 1950s dominated Swedish historiography. [66], Towards the end of the afternoon on 5 February, Charles X Gustav finally decided that the army would march through Langeland towards Lolland. The king refused to wait for the infantry and artillery, who were still marching out on the ice, but ordered their commanders to march south after their landing and secure Assens. [4][36] But as the king moved back and forth between the units, Major General Fabian Berendes held the direct command of the left wing. Given the problems spreading across the island, the actual strength was on paper. On 31 January, Swedish troops captured Nyborg without a fight, along with official Otte Krag and several senior Danish officers. Although the commander, Colonel Franciscus Edmond, refused to surrender, the morale in the garrison waned and the local bourgeoisie took matters into their own hands. [38], Disorder and shortcomings arose among the Danish troops. Their testimonies weighed as heavily as Dahlbergh's. The Danish units were by necessity garrisoned in towns and villages around Funen, quickly consuming all the surplus provisions stored there. The following day Swedish units moved into Køge, which the Danish troops had abandoned. In the evening, a Swedish cavalry regiment under Colonel Overbeck surrounded Nakskov. Swedish losses during the battle were relatively small, apart from Waldeck's and Königsmarck's squadrons, who fell through the ice. Swedish troops lined their cannons along the shore, and the Swedes and the Danish ships bombarded each other for several days. [35] On the way back, Dahlbergh took several drill samples of the ice at Rudkøbing on Langeland and inspected a Swedish unit on Ærø. Vampire. Then the army was lined up on the ice. [96], The march across the Belts, including the resulting Roskilde Treaty, has long been viewed as a success story in the history of Sweden and an admirable achievement, since Charles X Gustav and the Swedish army carried out the campaign with relatively few losses. [44][43], Charles X Gustav now established his bridgehead on Funen and unit after unit arrived on solid ground, including the artillery and the baggage train. Swedelius believed one could not place moral values on the actions of statesmen, arguing the good of the state was synonymous with the morally good. According to these, it was Charles X Gustav who was the driving force and who made the final decisions in the campaign, sometimes contrary to the warnings of his advisers. The Danes lacked experienced native officers, and the cohesive command link was broken as officers came from the Netherlands, France, Scotland, and the German states. This left only one alternative—a march across the frozen Little Belt, the strait between Jutland and Funen. During a nighttime observation, he found the ice sufficiently thick for an entire army to cross and raced back to the king with his report. [124] Lemke made these paintings using Erik Dahlbergh's drawings or engravings and under his supervision. The city was unfortified and guarded by a small Danish cavalry force under the command of Colonel Steen Bille, which was disarmed after a short battle. On 1 February, news of the loss of Funen reached Copenhagen: according to the English ambassador Philip Meadows, this sent shock waves through the capital's inner circles. [125] Lemke's paintings are displayed in the gallery of Charles X Gustav in Drottningholm Palace. Of the nine Danish cavalry companies guarding Funen's coastline from Middelfart to Langeland, three to four were ordered to move northward towards Iversnæs, however, they failed to arrive on time. There, Charles X Gustav held a council of war with Wrangel, the Margrave of Baden-Durlach, the Danish defector Corfitz Ulfeldt[c] and some other senior officers. It was considered shocking when it was unveiled, somehow people saw sado-masochism in it.Maybe it's her loose red hair and red dress that mark her as a siren. Although the water reached the top of the horses' legs in some places, the ice held. In 1908, the 250th anniversary of the Roskilde Treaty was celebrated in Malmö. On 31 January, the king arrived in Odense, where Bishop Laurids Jacobsen Hindsholm, Mayor Thomas Brodersen Risbrich and several priests and civil servants received him. Field Marshal Axel Lillie marched from Kalmar with 500 men into Blekinge on 13 March; by 15 March they had captured Kristianopel. The king's rapid march surprised the Danish troops, whose main body was forced to retreat to the fortress of Frederiksodde. Despite Nyborg being strongly fortified, the Danish garrison surrendered offering no resistance. The task of the Fodermarsk was to assist in maintaining good order at the royal court, to be in charge of the royal stable, but also to participate in particular in the placement of the warriors in castle camps. But for the king and the Swedish command, Denmark was a higher priority than Poland, and the march towards Jutland gave Sweden an opportunity to withdraw from what they called the "Polish swamp" with their honor intact. [90] An army of troops from Brandenburg, Poland and Austria attacked the Swedish troops in Jutland. In addition, some researchers continued to see value in Dahlbergh's writings as sources, despite their weaknesses. Such an attack never came, and the left wing later moved out to the ice. Wrangel forwarded him to the king's quarters in Odense, where he arrived that evening. Though he rejected calling Charles X Gustav a proponent of a united Scandinavia, Fridericia was of the same opinion as Carlson that "it was Erik Dahlbergh whose council came to decide the fate of the Nordic nations". The fortress fell, and the entire Danish garrison—involving several of the Danish army's best regiments—surrendered. A large part of the cavalry moved inland to pursue the scattered Danish troops fleeing the battle. With this information, the king proceeded according to plan. [46][47][48][49], After reaching Funen, another Swedish unit under Colonel Rutger von Ascheberg moved north and entered Middelfart. The king immediately ordered extensive investigations into the bearing capacity of the ice at various locations on the Great Belt. Drafted Scanian soldiers were disarmed and sent home to their farms. laying her face on his shoulder even. At the end of April, Governor-General Johan Printzensköld landed on Bornholm with 100 men and four cannons, and on 10 May, the city of Trondheim was transferred to the governor of Falun, Lorentz Creutz and the future Swedish governor, Claes Stiernsköld. [114] She entered her poem in the Royal Academy of Letters' first prize competition, though she did not win an award. In its historiography, several historians have highlighted the campaign and the resulting peace treaty as the events that gave Sweden its current "natural" borders. This did not occur, however, and a potential catastrophe turned into a huge military success, which in turn resulted in the most profitable peace treaty Sweden has ever signed. Later in Dahlbergh's life, he became one of Sweden's most powerful civil servants and military commanders, which, according to Björlin, stimulated his need to polish his early career. [35] Berendes had previously surprised four Danish cavalry companies arriving from Langeland in Funen's defense. The infantry, under the command of Lieutenant General Jakob Kasimir De la Gardie, advanced behind the cavalry and took a different and longer route across the ice, carrying both the artillery and baggage train. The Day After. Grimberg praises Charles X Gustav for his bold actions. Please note that www.EdvardMunch.org is a private website, unaffiliated with Edvard Munch or his representatives/, Self-Portrait Between the Clock and the Bed, 1940. If the ice on the Great Belt had not settled, the king's army might have been captured in the middle of the Danish kingdom without the opportunity to escape. [116][115] Arnold Munthe wrote the play Tåget öfver Bält, which was staged on 12 February 1920 at the Royal Dramatic Theatre with Tor Hedberg as director. Dahlbergh had an apparent need to promote his own career and emphasize his exploits in the service of the late king. According to Pufendorf, Charles X Gustav was the lone hero, and the Treaty of Roskilde was his achievement only. By the Treaty of Copenhagen, signed on 27 May the same year, Bornholm and Trøndelag were returned to Denmark, while Sweden kept the provinces east of the Sound. On 2 February the Danish sailors managed to saw open a gap in the ice, pull the ships out of range of the Swedish cannons, and sail back to Copenhagen, ending the hostilities on Funen. The cavalrymen from three Danish squadrons had left their horses and continued on foot across the Great Belt, probably to Sprogø. When the remaining troops went out on the ice, the snow on the ice melted in such a manner that 2 feet (61 cm) of water covered the ice surface. At noon the same day, he reached Tyear's ferry on Lolland. About 4,500 men were stationed at Iversnæs, of whom 1,500 were conscripted peasants. [50][47][48][49], On the evening of 31 January, Wrangel's cavalry unit reached Nyborg after completing a rapid 50 kilometres (31 mi) march across Funen. deeper meaning behind it. On paper, the armies of Denmark and Sweden were relatively equal, though the Danish army and navy were slightly stronger. [98], In his book series Berättelser ur Svenska historien (lit. The troops seized the Scanian fortresses, and the Danish garrisons were sent to the ports of Öresund to be transported back to Zealand. They rode ashore on Ruds Cape north of Tybrind Vig and, under the cover of a forest, encircled and struck the Danes from the north and east. They captured hundreds of Danish cavalry horses abandoned on the ice by the shoreline. Pygmies & Papuans: The Stone Age To-day in Dutch New Guinea (English) (as Contributor) Haddon, Trevor. As an increasingly precarious situation emerged around them, Charles X Gustav and his advisers sought a suitable solution to the Polish conflict. [126] After the Treaty of Roskilde, Charles X Gustav struck a medal, created by Johan Georg Breuer, with the inscription in Latin: "Natura hoc debuit uni" ("This aid nature was obliged to give to a single man"). Despite several tactical victories on the battlefield, including the conquest of Warsaw, Charles X Gustav was unable to bring the war to an end. 'When Scania became Swedish'), Alf Åberg considered Dahlbergh's stories very unreliable as sources and that he had probably exaggerated his own role in the campaign. Munch maintained it was nothing [61][59][62], From the Danish side, Dahlbergh carried out careful investigations of the ice. In 1785, Gustaf Fredrik Gyllenborg published the poem Tåget öfver Bält. Arne Stade, however, was unconvinced by Weibull; in 1957, Stade opined that in Dahlbergh's presentations one could still find "the real and psychic reality" that hides behind the dramatized depiction of how the decision on the ice march was made. [64] On the evening of 4 February, while the king received the proposal for a ceasefire from the English envoy, Dahlbergh returned to Odense and reported the ice conditions in Lolland were good. Stade's view was expressed in a large research project on Charles X Gustav, conducted by the historical department of the Swedish Armed Forces Staff College between 1965 and 1979. Gyldenløve became ill and unable to ride a horse, which resulted in him being forced to transfer command to Major General Jens von Løwenklau. The frost had now taken hold of the Danish islands, and on 2 February, Lubecker reported that the ice between Nyborg and Sprogø was sufficiently strong, but on the other side of Sprogø, the ice was too thin to carry an entire army. It was stated in the morning that the ice condition became more uncertain in this section. [30][31], On 28 January, Wrangel marched with the cavalry out of Frederiksodde to Hejls close to Hejlsminde Bay, where the rest of the cavalry arrived on 29 January. John Börjeson created the statue, and the driving force behind its construction was politician Carl Herslow, along with historian Martin Weibull, who gave the ceremonial speech on 28 June 1896. He ordered Wrangel to re-examine the ice between Nyborg and Korsør. But at the same time, Charles X Gustav was in a hurry to make peace before other states intervened to aid Denmark. The Swedish soldiers put straw on their hats as a sign of identification and handed out the password: "Help, Jesus!". As ice spread quickly and the cold persisted, getting to Funen with transport ships became impossible. The king, however, had already left his sled and mounted a horse to lead the attack on the shore. The king was eager to cross the ice to Langeland, but he began to despair after receiving reports that the current between Langeland and Lolland obstructed ice formation. On the evening of 30 January, Major Sylcke and 150 Swedish cavalrymen from Wittenberg's cavalry regiment rode into Odense. Young Woman on the Beach. The army was isolated and could face imminent encirclement should an Austrian-Polish army attack from the rear. The ice cracked under the king's hunting sled, and the whole crew, his personal bodyguard and three draft horses fell into the water and drowned. Since 5 February, the garrison of Copenhagen consisted of 4,000 cavalry, 1,200 infantry and 2,000 sailors, including 3,000 armed citizens. Gyldenløve had roughly 5,000 men scattered throughout the island. Malmquist's statue received aesthetic criticism from August Brunius in Svenska Dagbladet ("The Swedish Daily News"), with novelist Hjalmar Söderberg suggesting the statue should have been melted down into emergency coins. [103] Julius Albert Fridericia and Fredrik Ferdinand Carlson mainly expressed this approach. Several squadrons, however, disappeared on forays against the Danish farms, forcing the king to dispatch his provosts to try to gather them. Swedish troops under Per Brahe the Younger and Gustaf Otto Stenbock fought the Danish troops garrisoned in Scania and Halland,[20][21] and in Bohuslän and Jämtland during the so-called Krabbefejden ("The Krabbe feud", named after Danish military officer Iver Krabbe). The mercenaries chose to transfer into Swedish service, while the Swedes captured 60 cannons and a significant amount of ammunition and provisions. It was not until 1948 that Curt Weibull acknowledged Björlin's argument. Further conditions included heavy war reparations to the Swedish state, Danish renunciation of all anti-Swedish alliances, and Danish provision of troops and warships to serve Charles X Gustav in his broader wars. 3,911 Followers, 674 Following, 1,055 Posts - See Instagram photos and videos from Tipsbladet (@tipsbladetdk) Writing in 1855, Carlson emphasized how Wrangel and Ulfeldt argued against a march across the ice and almost convinced Charles X Gustav to call off his campaign until Dahlbergh, in a single deliberation, persuaded the king to change his mind. He was not present during the march itself, so the road across the islands to Zealand must have been guided by others. Several Swedish patrols testing the ice at Korsør fell through but managed to save themselves from drowning. There is no doubt that it was the king, not Dahlbergh, who took the initiative and took full responsibility for the venture. With Swedish troops standing 22 kilometres (14 mi) from Copenhagen on 15 February, King Frederick III of Denmark chose to make an unconditional peace with Sweden, ending the Swedish campaign. Therefore, the Swedish conditions were reduced step by step. [80][81][82], The final negotiations took place in Roskilde, and on 26 February, the final peace treaty was signed in Roskilde Cathedral. They spent the night in Faaborg and reached Svendborg, which Berendes and his two Finnish regiments had taken on 31 January. Dahlbergh was dispatched south with a company of the Östergötland Cavalry Regiment under Rittmeister Claes Niethoff. [2][34][35] The cavalry was grouped into two wings. [18][19] The war took place on other fronts. "Kommunalrådet tydlig: Kungastatyn blir kvar", "Statyn visar att Malmö inte ältar det förgångna", "Maka på dig Tjocke Karl, nu är det fest! They had constructed two redoubts and additional fortifications and ordered Danish farmers to create a moat by tearing up the ice close to the shore. If the bulk of the army had perished, posterity would likely have condemned the decision to cross the ice. [7] Despite their numerical superiority, the morale in the capital waned, and on the evening of 15 February, Charles X Gustav received a message from Ambassador Meadows that Frederick III was ready to negotiate everything with no fixed conditions. [127] Other medals commemorating the campaign have been struck by Pieter van Abeele and Arvid Karlsteen. Sailors were put ashore from the Danish warships, but they were poorly dressed and suffered from frostbite. The cavalry consisted of the Småland, Uppland, Västergötland and Östergötland cavalry regiments. [17] By 25 August the Swedish army stood outside the Danish fortress of Frederiksodde, on the east coast of southern Jutland. [110] In the popular science genre, the march was depicted in Carl Grimberg's book Svenska folkets underbara öden (lit. Out on the ice, the king observed Danish reinforcements arriving from Iversnæs and decided to unite his cavalry wing with Wrangel's units. During the conference, most of its participants agreed the Swedes would conduct a landing operation on Funen, with a small squadron of five warships from Wismar led by skeppsmajor Tönnes Specht. The patrol looted the mansion and rode back in a closed formation at full trot and gallop, bringing a few Danish prisoners. [43][8][36], Wrangel was under heavy pressure from the Danes: Charles X Gustav detected this and sent Tott with the Uppland Cavalry Regiment to reinforce him. [33], On the morning of Saturday, 30 January, Charles X Gustav moved out with his army to Brandsø. Svante Banér was appointed commander and received 600 men to form a garrison. There, Uggla regrouped with the main part of the cavalry, while Dahlbergh and 40 cavalrymen under Niethoff crossed the 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) wide Great Belt and arrived ashore at Grimstedt's mansion. [58][59], There is no doubt that he will do it, should it be feasible. The king contemplated withdrawing the bulk of his army to Jutland and leaving a couple of infantry regiments as an occupying force on Funen, concentrated around Odense. [85][86], In the months following the Treaty of Roskilde, political tension grew on other fronts. Baer, Karl Ernst von, a native of Esthonia; professor of zoology, first in Königsberg and then in St. Petersburg; the greatest of modern embryologists, styled the “father of comparative embryology”; the discoverer of the law, known by his name, that the embryo when developing resembles those of successively higher types (1792-1876). Only four frozen Danish ships and their crew, under the command of Vice Admiral Peter Bredal, remained untouched. But to get there, they needed to find a way across to the island of Funen. The ice conditions in the Belts twice helped the Swedes out of difficult situations, which increased the pressure on Denmark even further. Their commander, Ulrik Christian Gyldenløve, half-brother of King Frederick III, had little experience as a military commander. Charles X Gustav's gamble ended with a catastrophic defeat for Denmark. [40][1], Wrangel's wing began to march across the ice. They emphasize Carlson's view that the Roskilde treaty "along with the Brömsebro treaty, was the most valuable peace treaty our country has ever fought for, because both of them together gave Sweden, still to this day, its preserved natural borders". [97], The first historian to portray the campaign and Charles X Gustav's actions was the historical writer Samuel von Pufendorf in his work De rebus a Carolo Gustavo gestis (lit. [109], He (Dahlbergh) was quartermaster general of the army, and as such, was commissioned to reconnoiter the quarters and the roads. The March Across the Belts (Swedish: Tåget över Bält) was a military campaign waged by the Swedish Empire across the ice between the Danish islands. After investigating the ice conditions, the king began his march on 30 January 1658 from Jutland across the strait of the Little Belt to Funen. With Jutland secured, Charles X Gustav sought to continue his campaign towards Copenhagen on Zealand, but the Danish straits and the Danish navy obstructed him. [11] Poland's neighbors threatened to get involved in the war. It was urgent to force Denmark to capitulate to prevent the war from turning against them: hence the Swedes set an assault on Copenhagen as their main objective. Accompanied by Ulfeldt, the king left Nyborg at the head of all available cavalry regiments. Self-Portrait with Cigarette. Borneman's vanguard rode to Tybrind Vig, encircled the beach, and tore up Hannibal Sehested's Danish cavalry regiment. Several conference participants reported ice formations along Jutland's east coast, at Assens' ferry, at Haderslev, and at Flensburg. On the night of 7 February, the bourgeoisie opened the city gates and sent a delegation handing over the keys of Nakskov to Ulfeldt as the king's representative. On 9 February, Wrangel continued to Sakskøbing, where he received the king's permission to let his exhausted troops rest until 10 February. [51][52][48][49], Following the landing at Tybrind Vig, Charles X Gustav went to the village of Eskør, which became a gathering point for the Swedish units. [a] Denmark ceded Scania, Blekinge, Halland, Bohuslän, Bornholm and Trøndelag to Sweden. Evidently Munch remained ambiguous about the News of the march across the Little Belt and the collapse of the Danish defense spread across Europe. A strong current was discovered at the shore, creating a broken ice channel. The Swedes attacked and conquered Frederiksodde on 27 October. [83][84][75], A Swedish expeditionary force of 2,000 men under Clas Tott left Zealand and sailed to the Scanian coast on 1 March. Bornholm and Trøndelag were returned to Denmark in 1660 after Charles X Gustav's failed attempt to defeat Denmark completely in a second war. [111] Grimberg's and Hugo Uddgren's book Svenska krigarbragder (lit. The king's army numbered about 17,000 men;[17] only 4,000 were Swedes while the majority were foreign mercenaries. He called it "Love and Pain" and it was only later that it picked up the name and interpretation of a man locked in a vampire's embrace. [88] The plan failed when the Netherlands joined the war to aid Denmark, and the united Danish and Dutch fleets defeated the Swedish fleet in the Battle of the Sound on 29 October.

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