They lived under local laws and customs that were "elaborate and obligatory". The Mabo decision has also generated an academic industry. It was a divisive yet important step toward recognising Indigenous rights and establishing native title. Those few Aborigines who have managed to hold on to their land despite 200 years of expropriation may now have their title protected against anyone except the crown, which can wipe it out with a stroke of a pen, without compensation. Eddie Koiki Mabo died of cancer on 21 January 1991, before the case was resolved. Sydney: Butterworths, 1993. What was the Mabo decision? Native title is the legal recognition that some First Nations people have rights to certain land through their traditional laws and customs which predated the British. The Mabo decision was a legal case held in 1992 and is short for Mabo and others v Queensland (No 2) (1992). The Mabo case lasted 10 years. Mabo died of cancer January 21, 1992 in Brisbane, Australia, five months before the landmark decision was reached. Mabo - The Native Title Revolution. The ruling referred to as the Mabo decision , handed down by the High Court on June 3, 1992, was the culmination of a decade of litigation . This was a turning point for everything and for the Indigenous people. Use the information presented to explain the Mabo case He also rejected an attempt to recognise the customary criminal law of Aboriginal peoples. We’re sorry, this service is currently unavailable. Unfortunately the Mabo decision caused Mabo’s headstone to be to vandalized and desecrated. The Mabo Decision was a momentous event, forcing Australia’s legal system to acknowledge, and begin to rectify, our colonial history. The Mabo decision was named after Eddie Mabo, The Mabo decision and the Native Title Act left unresolved the issues of native title on pastoral leases and native title to the seas. I. Mabo Investments LLC has 23 employees at this location. Since the Mabo decision was brought down a year ago the Australian Mining Industry Council has been sending the United Mine Workers its material on Mabo with an invitation to the union to endorse the AMIC line. The Mabo decision meant that the High Court recognised that the Aboriginals existed and that they had owned the land way before the English settled in Australia. In order to … The decision of the Court to recognise the existence of native title has significant implications in other NOTES parts of Australia. Mabo vs Queensland (commonly known as the Mabo case) was two cases handed down by the High Court of Australia on December 8, 1988 and June 3, 1992, concerning land rights to Indigenous Australians. These are the sources and citations used to research Mabo Decision. The court did so by recognising the continuing rights of the Indigenous people to their ancestral lands and waters. Mabo Day on June 3rd, celebrates the life and work of Eddie Mabo who fought to disprove terra nullius. The Mabo decision left several matters uncertain. The government claimed that in becoming sovereign over the land, it claimed ownership. This is an NFSA Digital Learning resource. "The Mabo decision was one of the most important decisions ever handed down by the High Court — it was a landmark decision," says George Williams, a … Mabo v Queensland (No 2) (commonly known as Mabo) is an important decision of the High Court of Australia.The decision is notable for having recognised that some Indigenous Australians have proprietary rights to land, in a legal form of ownership referred to as "native title".. The High Court – the highest court in Australia’s judicial system – made the decision on 2 June 1992. Some Aboriginal people have made large gains, while for others the process has been lengthy, unwieldy and unproductive. The High Court decision in the Mabo v. Queensland (No.2) altered the foundation of land law in Australia and the following year the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth), was passed through the Australian Parliament. There are 11 companies in the Mabo Investments LLC corporate family. However, the process can be lengthy, emotionally exhausting and also require lots of time and other resources from First Nations people and communities groups.  Many say there is unfinished business that requires a whole other series of reforms. The Mabo decision/case went on from 3 June to 27 June and it was held in 1 992. The decision prompted Prime Minister Keating to announce an eleven-month Commonwealth consultation process with land- Mabo: A Judicial Revolution : the Aboriginal Land Rights Decision and Its Impact on Australian Law UQP paperbacks University of Queensland law journal : Special edition University of Queensland law journal. Activity: Mabo v. Queensland (No. [Special issue] Editors: Margaret Anne Stephenson, Suri Ratnapala: Edition: reprint: Publisher: University of Queensland Press, 1993: ISBN In an earlier Mabo decision, Mabo v Queensland [No.1], the High Court held that a Queensland Act, the Queensland Coast Islands Declaratory Act 1985, was inconsistent with section 10 of the Racial Discrimination Act and thus invalid. which purported to extinguish the plaintiffs' native title, was nullified by operation of s.10 of the Racial Discrimination Act. The Mabo decision was a turning point for First Nations rights and led to the Australian Parliament passing the Native Title Act in 1993. In Mabo v Queensland [No. 19 December … Q. an Aboriginal person had won a court case. The Mabo Decision of 1992 was an historical triumph for the Indigenous Australian people as many protesters fought for equal rights and freedom. 92. According to the latest numbers from the National Native Title Tribunal, there have been 496 native title determinations since. Torres News (Thursday Island, Qld. Courtesy High Court of Australia Prime Minister Paul Keating announced to the nation that Mabo was an important turning point… for a new relationship between indigenous and non-Aboriginal Australians. It is the extent of the public debate, and its … Mabo Investments LLC is located in Dothan, AL, United States and is part of the Fast-Food & Quick-Service Restaurants Industry. Mabo decision ( (The Mabo decision, The mabo decision was legal in june 3…: Mabo decision ( (The Mabo decision, The mabo decision was legal in june 3 1992., There names Eddie petre eddie mabo's brother., He sometimes sat in on lectures, and regularly used his lunch hour to study A. C. Haddon’s six-volume, . Mabo vs Queensland the High Court decision. The Wik decision is the decision of the High Court of Australia on whether statuary leases terminate land rights or not. Soon after, Chief Justice Sir Anthony Mason rejected any notion that Aboriginal peoples were sovereign nations. I was there as a young associate working for a judge, and saw the jubilation and relief of Aboriginal peoples whose rights had been recognised after more than two centuries. In response to the Mabo decision, the Australian Government sought to engage the population and industry on Mabo's implications for land tenure and use by enacting the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth), which required mediation as a mechanism to determine future native title rights. The Mabo decision had instated the ownership or title of native into the land law and made it a legal principle of Australian law. First, it is used to mark the eras of ‘pre-‘ and ‘post-‘ Mabo. The Mabo case takes its name from the lead applicant, Eddie Koiki Mabo. The High Court decision being in favour of Eddie Mabo impacted the country significantly. If any rights to compensation arise out of the Mabo decision, AMIC says this should be governments' responsibility. Mabo 20 years on: a celebration. 1. 1301.0 - Year Book Australia, 1995 2012. It engendered a long-running, and often bitter, political debate that culminated in 1998 in prime minister John Howard's 10-point plan. It was also accepted that the boundaries of their tribal lands were "long-standing and defined". TY - JOUR. the land rights debate had entered Australian politics. 30 May 2012. The Australian constitution made a law concerning the Native Title Act in 1992. The Mabo case was significant because it combined the claims of justice, Aboriginal human rights, international law and Australian common law in a single decision. Some people produced maps showing how swathes of the Australian continent would be transferred into Aboriginal hands. The beginnings of the Mabo Case are acknowledged to be a land rights conference held in Townsville in 1981. As one judge said, it is "idle to impute to such people some shadow of the rights known to our law". Mabo Decision Essay, image processing thesis, the paradoxical twins case study, my mother essay for class 8th. The High Court of Australia's decision in Mabo v.Queensland (No. That the Mabo decision would attract such varied comment was prob- ably inevitable. Colonial processes are still used to aim to redress colonialisation This act sets the rules for dealing with land where native title still exists or may exist, setting out arrangements for who can access and use the land in question.Â. The Mabo Decision, which acknowledged that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples have rights to land, is probably the most significant Aboriginal rights case to go through the High Court of Australia and come out victorious. The High Court decision being in favour of Eddie Mabo impacted the country significantly. Stephenson and Suri Ratnapala. Eddie Mabo aka Koiki, a Torres Strait Islander, grew up believing that Australian laws on land ownership were wrong and battled to alter them. Eddie Mabo was an Indigenous Aboriginal man who established the Mabo decision of June 1992. 93%. 's … It’s this long-lasting legal principle which Eddie Mabo and the Mer Islanders challenged and ultimately overturned. However, the dispossession and dispersal of Aboriginal peoples can make this impossible, meaning that native title rights have been lost. It is rarely far from the surface as we struggle to come to grips with our colonial past. The five plaintiffs were fighters for their spiritual and cultural survival - Eddie Mabo, Father Dave Passi, Sam Passi, James Rice and Celuia Mapo Salee. Twenty-five years ago on 3 June 1992, the High Court handed down its judgement in the Mabo case. Here is a look back at significant developments in native title legislation from the Mabo High Court decision in 1992 until today. Y1 - 1994. “Setting right past wrongs is an important part of the healing process,” Professor Ewan says. His name has become synonymous with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander land rights because he was a key plantiff in the Mabo case. What was the Mabo Decision? In an interview to mark Monday's 10th anniversary of the High Court decision on Mabo, Mr Kennett said the decision had proved an important contributor to reconciliation. Mabo is thus inextricably linked to history, both as a narrative and a temporal marker. ...The Mabo Decision of 1992 was an historical triumph for the Indigenous Australian people as many protesters fought for equal rights and freedom. This article seeks to explicate the findings, proceedings and significance of the 1192 high Court Mabo decision. Eddie Mabo was a Torres Strait Islander activist. National Reconciliation Week in Australia ends on June 3rd every year, a date purposefully chosen to commemorate an important milestone in the continuing journey towards reconciliation: the High Court Mabo Decision. M3 - Article. This decision legally recognised that First Nations peoples had rights to the land which existed before the British arrived, and that these rights should still exist today. National Native Title Tribunal is an independent body set up under the Native Title Act 1993 to facilitate native title outcomes. Mabo v Queensland (No 2) (commonly known as Mabo) is an important decision of the High Court of Australia.The decision is notable for having recognised that some Indigenous Australians have proprietary rights to land, in a legal form of ownership referred to as "native title".. 3 June 1992 On this day, the Australian High Court delivered the Mabo decision, the culmination of Eddie Koiki Mabo’s challenge to the legal fiction of ‘terra nullius’ (land belonging to no one) and leading to the legal recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples as the Traditional Owners and Custodians of lands. Mabo: The High Court Decision on Native Title : Discussion Paper Australia. That decision overturned the legal fiction of Terra Nullius (nobody’s land) acknowledging Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders as the first occupants of Australia. It was this dramatic result, which contributed towards the establishment of the Native Title. Mabo, a Judicial Revolution: The Aboriginal Land Rights Decision and Its Impact on Australian Law. SP - 236. The Prime Minister said also during the passage of the legislation through Parliament that the Government made its twin objectives clear in its response to Mabo: to do justice to the High Court decision in protecting native title, and to ensure workable, certain land management. JCU celebrates the 25th anniversary of the Mabo decision, and the annual Eddie Koiki Mabo Lecture Series lecture is delivered by Professor Megan Davis. Eddie "Koiki" Mabo was the Torres Strait Islander who led the case through parliment. South Australian Native Title Service 2) is among the most widely known and controversial decisions the Court has yet delivered. : 1957-2015), Fri 6 Nov 1992, Page 10 - Mabo Decision Has Dramatic Impact on Indigenous Affairs You have corrected this article This article has been corrected by You and other Voluntroves This article has been corrected by Voluntroves Mabo believed Mer belonged to the Torres Strait Islander people who had lived there for tens of thousands of years, while the Australian government believed they held ownership. The High Court determined that Indigenous peoples should be treated equally before the law with regard to their rights over land. Aboriginal Land Rights, The Mabo Decision, and the Meaning of Land Ronald Paul Hill* I. The Mabo decision has set in motion a chain of events in-volving all sectors of Australian political, social, and economic life. St. Mabo, a Judicial Revolution: The Aboriginal Land Rights Decision and Its Impact on Australian Law. The Mabo decision remains an important step towards healing, says University of Melbourne Pro Vice-Chancellor (Indigenous) Professor Shaun Ewen. Others foresaw that the courts would recognise further Aboriginal rights. To have native title recognised, First Nations people must prove they have a continuous connection to the land and have not done anything to break that connection (such as selling or leasing the land). The Mabo decision was a court case that commenced on the 20 th of May in the year 1982. Delivering its decision on 3 June 1992, the High Court of Australia effectively extinguished the notion of terra nullius (land belonging to no-one) that had been in force in Australia since British colonisation in 1788. Eddie Koiki Mabo (1936–1992) was a Meriam man from the island of Mer (Murray Island) in the Torres Strait. 2017. After all, the decision rejected the legal concept of terra nullius - a fundamental assumption, until now, in Australia's legal his- tory. COURT'S MABO DECISION Greg Crough The High Court's decision in the Mabo case in June 1992 is likely to have a lasting effect on Australian political debate for many years. PY - 1994. One legacy of the Mabo case has been to shift the debate back to the political realm. The twentieth anniversary of the Mabo decision in the High Court is upon us. A key problem is that native title is hard to prove. Mabo v Queensland (No 2) is one of the most significant court cases in Australian history. This week we also celebrate the 25th Anniversary of the High Court’s decision to uphold native title rights in the hard-won Mabo case. The court instead set down a radically different perspective of Australia's first peoples. Find out more information about the historical significance of the Mabo decision and information on Native Title in the Mabodecision fact sheet. High Court Snippet view - 1993. The Keating government gave effect to the Mabo decision by introducing the Native Title Act 1993, which facilitated the process of recognising native title. The people had their own language and had their own customs, laws and traditions. Mabo: A Judicial Revolution : the Aboriginal Land Rights Decision and Its Impact on Australian Law UQP paperbacks University of Queensland law journal : Special edition University of Queensland law journal. The Mabo decision was a turning point for the recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples’ rights, because it acknowledged their unique connection with the land. The Australian constitution made a law concerning the Native Title Act in 1992. 4:40. Website. Commentary by Richard H. Bartlett. The Mabo decision changed Australia's concept of land ownership. native title was recognised in Australia. George Williams is Dean of Law at the University of New South Wales. Mabo was from Torres Strait Islands. Mabo - The Native Title Revolution. VL - 1. Watch the following videos. Eddie Mabo was an Indigenous Aboriginal man who established the Mabo decision of June 1992. This decision provided the recognition that Australia was under British settlement in 1788, hence going completely against the concept of Terra Nullius. 2020. While the claim of the Meriam people in the Mabo case was strong in the sense that they had shown an effective system of title which saw individual lots of land handed down from one generation to the next, and Becoming a party of a native title claim The Native Title Act prescribes that companies intending to carry out explorations or mining leases notify the public so that any person can become a native title party. They were fighting for their land rights and they wanted to be recognised as people of Australia. INTRODUCTION This paper examines the most controversial political situation in Australia today, the provision of land rights to Aboriginal people as a result of Mabo v. Queensland. The legal decision was made by the High Court on 3 June, 1992. Mabo v Queensland (No 2) (commonly known as Mabo) is an important decision of the High Court of Australia.The decision is notable for having recognised that some Indigenous Australians have proprietary rights to land, in a legal form of ownership referred to as "native title". The decision ended the legal fiction of terra nullius, and was the first time. The Mabo decision has set in motion a chain of events in-volving all sectors of Australian political, social, and economic life. Subscribe and tap the notification bell to be delivered Australian stories every day. Terra nullius nullified. Saturday was the 25th anniversary of the High Court's Mabo decision. The Act does five things: It recognises and protects native title. This declaration is founded on the decision in Mabo v. Queensland(150) (1988) 166 CLR 186 in which it was held that the Queensland Coast Islands Declaratory Act 1985 (Q.) As Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples occupied Australia for 40,000 to 60,000 years before the British arrived in 1788. The impact of this landmark case still reverberates today in debates on Indigenous recognition and disadvantage. -The Mabo decision-Home About Sources The Significance of the Mabo Decision. He is best known for the two court cases that bear his name, Mabo v. Queensland (numbers 1 and 2). The Mabo case The Mabo decision ( Mabo 2 others v OLD), it was one of the important and significant cases for the Aboriginal people and Australia. 3. AU - Bartlett, Richard. However, the case has not proved to be the panacea that many had hoped. “Mabo Day is held each year on 3 June to celebrate the landmark decision by the High Court to overturn the principle of ‘terra nullius’ and recognise at Common Law, Native Title rights. In commentary about Mabo, the decision is referred to in at least four ways, which overlap and inform each other. The High Court is … Eddie Mabo aimed to establish Aboriginal land rights in not only his home-Murray Island but also on the lands of Australia by challenging the conditions of Terra Nullius. In-text: (1301.0 - Year Book Australia, 1995, 2012) Your Bibliography: Abs.gov.au. The decision prompted Prime Minister Keating to announce an eleven-month Commonwealth consultation process with land- Eddie Mabo was considered a land rights activist. Twenty-five years ago today the High Court acknowledged for the first time that Indigenous Australians had land rights that pre-dated European settlement. Eddie Mabo was a Torres Strait Islander who became famous in Australian history for his role in a landmark decision of the High Court of Australia that overturned the legal statute of terra nullius which characterized Australian law with regards to land and title. THE MABO DECISION – PRESERVING THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN ‘SETTLED’ AND ‘CONQUERED OR CEDED’ TERRITORIES. Further reading: The Mabo Decision, and the Full Text of the Decision in Mabo and Others v State of Queensland. Eddie Koiki Mabo was the first person to have his native title rights recognised. A summary of the public debate following the decision can be found in the Parliamentary Library Background Paper The Mabo Debate: A Chronology, vol. They ruled that the Mabo decision in no way challenges the legality of non-Aboriginal land tenure. 2) Mabo Day (June 3rd) recognises a decision handed down by the High Court of Australia that acknowledged the land rights of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples. Mabo Case A Lesson in History: The Mabo Case and Its Legacy The Mabo Case, or Mabo v. Queensland, as the case is formally known, refers to a judgment given by the High Court on June 3, 1992. We pay our respects to Elders and ancestors who watch over us and guide Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community. These are the sources and citations used to research Mabo Decision. Mabo vs Queensland (commonly known as the Mabo case) was two cases handed down by the High Court of Australia on December 8, 1988 and June 3, 1992, concerning land rights to Indigenous Australians. The Mabo decision was a turning point for the recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples’ rights, because it acknowledged their longstanding and unique connection with the land for the last 65,000 to 80,000 years. He led the challenge and fought for recognition of the rights of First Nations peoples as the traditional owners of their land. He rejected the idea of terra nullius or nobody’s land in High Court of Australia related to the landmark decision. The Mabo decision was a legal case held in 1992. Australian Cinema after Mabo is a comprehensive 2005 study of Australian national cinema in the 1990s. The Mabo decision was handed down on June 3, 1992 in the High Court's grand courtroom in Canberra. It was there, where the decision was made to follow the white lawyers’ path forward, that historian Henry Reynolds suggested using violence to obtain land rights. The Mabo Decision. Stephenson and Suri Ratnapala. EP - 261. The Mabo decision of 1992 and developments since the Native Title Act could be somewhat likened to the devastating impact of original settlement on land rights in 1788. The system treated Indigenous peoples as if they did not exist. This bibliography was generated on Cite This For Me on Sunday, March 29, 2015. The Mabo decision was about recognizing the continuing culture of aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in Australia, that despite colonisation in 1788, the … The Mabo decision left several matters uncertain. The High Court is the highest court in Australia’s judicial system. The Australian High Court delivered the Mabo decision, which recognised that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples have a special relationship with the land.This paved the way for land rights known as native title. The Mabo decision was a turning point for the recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people's rights, because it acknowledged their unique connection with the land. 2012. - Eddie Mabo was an Indigenous Australian and a member of the Meriam people from Murray Island. The day is named after the activist Eddie Mabo. It also led to the Australian The Mabo decision challenged the Australian Legal system and fought for recognition of Aboriginals and Torres Strait islanders being the traditional owners of the land. latest numbers from the National Native Title Tribunal. Mabo Anniversary 2012. and overturned the concept of terra nullius. Although there were benefits that came from the Mabo decision and the laws it overturned, there continued to be … Watch the original ABC News report on the Mabo decision. Edited by M.A. On June 3rd 1992, the high court of Australia delivered its landmark Mabo decision and rewrote the Australian common law. In short, despite centuries of denial, Aboriginal peoples had rights and interests that could and should be accorded protection under the common law. What was the significance of the Mabo and Wik rulings? Native title existed only because these rights were recognised by the law of the colonisers. This year, 3 June marks the 25 th anniversary of the landmark Mabo decision of Australia’s High Court. In conclusion Mabo v Queensland is a very crucial and essential case which established traditional and legal land rights for aboriginals. Eddie Koiki Mabo(c. 29 June 1936 – 21 January 1992[1]) was an Australian man from the Torres Strait Islands known for his role in campaigning for Indigenous land rights and for his role in a landmark decision of the High Court of Australia which overturned the legal doctrine of terra nullius ("land belonging to nobody") which characterised Australian law with regard to land and title. It was a divisive yet important step toward recognising Indigenous rights and establishing native title. In this article, I explore the competing visions of legal history that are implicit within Brennan, J. It is rarely far from the surface as we struggle to come to grips with our colonial past. Eddie Koiki Mabo (c. 29 June 1936 – 21 January 1992) was an Indigenous Australian activist from the Torres Strait Islands.He became well known for campaigning for indigenous land rights.In particular, he became famous for his role in an historic decision by the High Court of Australia in 1992, which overturned the idea that Australia was terra nullius (land belonging to nobody). One reason for this is that the High Court has refused to extend the Mabo decision. The Mabo decision was a turning point for First Nations rights and led to the Australian Parliament passing the Native Title Act in 1993. ULLA SECHER [*]. [Special issue] Editors: Margaret Anne Stephenson, Suri Ratnapala: Edition: reprint: Publisher: University of Queensland Press, 1993: ISBN Edward Koiki Mabo passed away four months before the judgment was handed down, yet the decision and Mabo Day on 3 June both carry his name. The Mabo decision refers to the decision made as a result of a legal case, Mabo and others v Queensland (No 2) (1992). The Mabo decision changed Australia's concept of land ownership. Mabo decision has set in motion a chain of events in­ volving all sectors of Australian political, social, and economic life. Timber Creek: the most significant native title decision since Mabo 7 minute read 20.03.2019 Richard Abraham, William Isdale In the Timber Creek decision delivered on 13 March 2019, the High Court of Australia has determined, for the first time, the approach to be taken to resolving native title compensation claims. Eddie changed his surname to mabo when his maternal uncle adopted him after his mother died during childbirth. Sydney: Butterworths, 1993. 92. This decision puts a great responsibility on Australia to compensate the indigenous people for all of the wrongdoings they have admitted to through this decision. What was the significance of the Mabo and Wik rulings? First Nations people had laws, customs, homes, trade routes,  songlines, and deep knowledge of the land and how to preserve and cultivate it. At least two Law School journals are devoting special issues to aspects of the de~ision.~ The title of the University of Queensland Law Journal special issue is Mabo: A Judicial Rev~lution.~ The purpose of this article is … The High Court recognized the rights and interests of the Meriam people, which had devolved upon them by tradition, and ruled that they had a … It also opened the door for other Indigenous groups to be able to claim ownership of land that they could prove a continuous connection with. which purported to extinguish the plaintiffs' native title, was nullified by operation of s.10 of the Racial Discrimination Act. 2), handed down on 3 June 1992, upheld the claims of five plaintiffs, one of whom was Edward ‘Eddie’ Koiki Mabo from Mer (Murray Island), in the Torres Strait. This judgment ruled that the land title of Indigenous Peoples (i.e. Given this, it is no surprise that Aboriginal people are instead seeking justice and political empowerment through constitutional change and negotiated agreements such as treaties. The Mabo decision ended the idea of terra nullius in relation to Australia, when it recognised the Meriam people as the owners of the Murray Islands. The Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders) would be recognized as common law by Australia. After a protracted 10-year struggle, Eddie Mabo succeeded against the odds in convincing the High Court that Australian law was based on racial discrimination and false understandings. He was a prominent figure who fought for the indigenous people of Australia due to his campaign on the land rights of Australia. The court established that sovereignty could no longer support the state’s claim for absolute ownership of land, and that the territory’s original inhabitants – including Mabo and his community – could retain ownership if native title was granted. Prime minister Paul Keating responded to the court's decision by seizing the opportunity to legislate for a national native title act. The framework: Mabo [No 2] 2.37 Mabo [No 2] built upon the common law jurisprudence on continuity, pre-Mabo precedents and the general attention directed to traditional laws and customs.

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